6. HEDGING
The group of 11 words called modals can help you avoid over-generalisation as they express degrees of certainty and possibility翻譯社 thereby avoiding making statements which claim too much or suggest you know everything about a subject.
The 11 modals are:
CAN MAY COULD MIGHT WILL
WOULD SHALL SHOULD, OUGHT TO MUST NEEDN'T
By far the most useful modal verbs are CAN翻譯社 MAY翻譯社 COULD and MIGHT. If you say something IS true you may well be guilty of over-generalisation. If you say something MAY or MIGHT be true you avoid this problem.
- It could/might be said that ....
- It seems/appears ...
- It is generally thought/considered ......
- Some/many people think/believe ......
___________________________________________
7. CITING RESEARCH
- It has been found that
- Research has shown that
___________________________________________
8. MAKING HYPOTHESES
- If, then
- Assuming that
___________________________________________
9. STATING CONDITIONS
- Given that
- Provided that
- Granted that
- If it is the case that& then,
___________________________________________
10. GIVING EXAMPLES
- For example/instance
- In this situation/case
- To illustrate
___________________________________________
11. ADDING INFORMATION
- Again/ besides/ equally important/ in addition/ further/ furthermore/ moreover
- It must also be noted/ remembered that
___________________________________________
12. DISCUSSION MARKERS
- On the one hand翻譯社 on the other hand
- Although it may be true that....however
- Whilst it is generally agreed that
- There exists a contradiction between ..... and
- Those in favour of/ Supporters/Advocates of
- Those opposed to/ Critics of
___________________________________________
13. RE-PHRASING
- In other words
- To put it another way
- That is to say
___________________________________________
14. EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE.
This is used to show more clearly what you think about different points. Do you already use these words? Could you use them more?
Positive adjectives: remarkable翻譯社 innovative, complex, interesting, profound, comprehensive, powerful, rigorous翻譯社 systematic, useful翻譯社 sensitive, reliable, logical翻譯社
Nouns: synthesis, survey, topic翻譯社 study, review, history, concept翻譯社 area, theme, overview翻譯社 analysis, system
Verbs: explain, discuss翻譯社 study, present, describe, bring into focus, consider翻譯社 explore, illuminate, introduce, analyse, constitute
Examples:
- The UNO has published an interesting survey...
- It presents a useful concept...
- However, the study is limited in that...
___________________________________________
15. REPEATING
In general, DON'T! Try to organise your writing so that you stick to one point at a time. But if you must, you can use phrases such as:
- To return to an earlier point
- As noted before/above
___________________________________________
16. SUMMING UP
- Briefly, we can say/ it can be said that
- To sum up
- Hence/therefore/accordingly/ consequently
- The evidence suggests, therefore
- In general what this means/ suggests/ indicates is
- It is clear from the above that
___________________________________________
17. CONCLUSION
- To conclude/In conclusion翻譯社
英文論文寫作經常使用句子
Here are suggestions for using words and phrases which could improve your academic writing structure and style significantly.
1. INTRODUCTION
- This essay will deal with the following aspects of the question...
- The aim of this essay is ......
_______________________________________
2. GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE ESSAY CONTENT
- In order to link.... with ....翻譯社 the background to ... will be briefly outlined.
- The first part of the analysis will examine....
- The second part of this analysis will consider...
- The final level of the analysis consists of...
__________________________________________
3. MAKING A POINT
- It is clear/ noticeable that...
- It is necessary/ important/ useful/ interesting/to note/point out/ highlight/ emphasise that
___________________________________________
4. EMPHASIS MARKERS show clearly what you think is most important but allow you to avoid personal language such as 'I think'
Nouns: focus, element, concept, theory, aspect翻譯社 part, idea, point, argument, discussion, debate
Verbs: to emphasise, to summarise翻譯社 to focus, to highlight
Examples:
- The key aspect of this argument is
- The most crucial point made so far
- It is worth noting that
- Another relevant point is that
___________________________________________
5. INTRODUCING A NEW IDEA
- Turning now to the question of
- Bearing in mind the previous points,
- Having considered (X)
- With regard to
- As far as ....... is concerned ___________________________________________
本篇文章引用自此: http://blog.sina.com.tw/snapshot/article.php?entryid=582056有關各國語文翻譯公證的問題歡迎諮詢天成翻譯公司02-77260931
文章標籤
全站熱搜
留言列表
